Composition and Properties of Bronze

Bronze is one of the earliest metals known to man. It is defined as an alloy made of copper and another metal, usually tin. Compositions vary, but most modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin. Bronze may also contain manganese, aluminum, nickel, phosphorus, silicon, arsenic,  or zinc. Although, at one time, bronze was an alloy consisting of copper with tin and brass was an alloy of copper with zinc, modern usage has blurred the lines between brass and bronze. Now, copper alloys generally are called brass, with bronze sometimes considered a type of brass. To avoid confusion, museums and historical texts typically use the inclusive term copper alloy. In science and engineering, bronze and brass are defined according to their element composition. Bronze Properties Bronze usually is a golden hard, brittle metal. The properties depend on the specific composition of the alloy as well as how it has been processed. Here are some typical characteristics: Highly ductile.Bronze exhibits low friction against other metals.Many bronze alloys display the unusual property of expanding a small amount when solidifying from a liquid into a solid. For sculpture casting, this is desirable, as it helps to fill a mold.Brittle, but less so than cast iron.Upon exposure to air, bronze oxidizes, but only on its outer layer. This patina consists of copper oxide, which eventually becomes copper carbonate. The oxide layer protects the interior metal from further corrosion. However, if chlorides are present (as from seawater), copper chlorides form, which can cause bronze disease -- a condition in which corrosion works through the metal and destroys it.Unlike steel, striking bronze against a hard surface wont generate sparks. This makes bronze useful for the metal used around flammable or explosive materials. Origin of Bronze The Bronze Age is the name given to the time period when bronze was the hardest metal that was widely used. This was the 4th millennium BC about the time of the city of Sumer in the Near East. The bronze age in China and India occurred at roughly the same time. Even during the Bronze Age, there were a few items crafted from meteoritic iron, but the smelting of iron was uncommon. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, starting around 1300 BC. Even during the Iron Age, bronze was widely used. Uses of Bronze Bronze is used in architecture for structural and design elements, for bearings because of its friction properties, and as phosphor bronze in musical instruments, electrical contacts, and ship propellers. Aluminum bronze is used to make machine tools and some bearings. Bronze wool is used instead of steel wool in woodworking because it doesnt discolor oak. Bronze has been used to make coins. Most copper coins are actually bronze, consisting of copper with 4% tin and 1% zinc. Bronze has been used since ancient times to make sculptures. The Assyrian king Sennacherib (706-681 BC) claimed to be the first person to cast huge bronze sculptures using two-part molds, although the lost-wax method was used to cast sculptures long before this time.

Debating Camille Paglias on Date Rape Essay - 768 Words

Kayla Landry Landry 1 Jennifer Dorhauer Eng 1020 L23 February 04, 2013 Debating Camille Paglia’s â€Å"On Date Rape† Date rape is a forcible sexual intercourse by an acquaintance, where one resists sexual advances either verbally or physically. The perpetrator of this crime varies from boyfriends to casual acquaintances. The Centers for Disease Control reported that eight out of ten rape or sexual-assault cases were carried out by people of these relationship statuses. Sometimes rapists claim they are given given mixed signals, or even misread simple flirtation as a woman’s sexual advance. In any situation, a woman is not†¦show more content†¦Although, according to New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, a higher percentage of Blacks (35.4%) and Hispanics (32.7%) are sexually active, 23.4% of whites are also sexually active. Paglia’s unsympathetic comparison of a car being stolen because the keys were left on the hood of the car to a girl being raped because she drank alcohol is preposterous. The loss of a vehicle is mild in comparison to the theft of a woman’s most intimate possession. Sure, you may have lost your means of transport but a stolen car can be recovered, or a new vehicle purchased upon receiving funds from the insurance provider. A rape victim goes through many psychological and emotional changes. They often blame themselves and feel unclean. Their relationships and trust of other males in their life may be terribly altered also. In many cases, victims are haunted by the memories of the actual act. Depression and an addiction to pain pills may also be acquired as a way to escape from and alleviate the painful memories. Plenty of date rape cases are unreported because the victim feels that she will be harshly judged. Landry 3 She also believes that a woman has nearly zero possibility of being raped if she remains vigilant, as did

Kennedy And Nixon Essay Example For Students

Kennedy And Nixon Essay Both John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon were elected to Congress in 46, a year inwhich the New Deal took a serious beating as the Republicans regained control ofCongress on the slogan Had Enough? Nixon of course, had campaignedagainst incumbent Jerry Voorhis on an anti-New Deal platform, but its oftenforgotten that when JFK first ran for the House in 1946, he differentiatedhimself from his Democratic primary opposition by describing himself as afighting conservative. In private, Kennedys antipathy to thetraditional FDR New Deal was even more extensive. When Kennedy and Nixon weresworn in on the same day, both were already outspoken on the subject of theemerging Cold War. While running for office in 1946, Kennedy proudly told aradio audience of how he had lashed out against a left-wing group of YoungDemocrats for being naive on the subject of the Soviet Union, and how he hadalso attacked the emerging radical faction headed by Henry Wallace. Thus, whenKennedy entered the House, he was a nything but progressive in hisviews of either domestic or foreign policy. It didnt take long for these two toform a friendship. Both were Navy men who had served in the South Pacific, andboth saw themselves as occupying the vital center of their parties. Just as JFKlashed out against the New Deal and the radical wing of the Democratic party, sotoo did Richard Nixon distance himself from the right-wing of the Republicanparty. Nixons support of Harry Trumans creation of NATO and the aid packagesto Greece and Turkey meant rejecting the old guard isolationist bent of theconservative wing that had been embodied in Mr. Republican SenatorRobert Taft. Indeed, when it came time for Nixon to back a nominee in 1948, hissupport went to the more centrist Thomas E. Dewey, and not to the conservativeTaft. Kennedy decided to go into politics mainly because of the influence of hisfather. Joe Kennedy, Jr. had been killed in the European arena of World War IIand so the political ambitions of the famil y got placed on the shoulders ofJohn. Nixon, however, got involved in politics by chance. While celebrating theend of the war in New York, he received a telegram from an old family friendindicating that they needed someone to run against the Democrat Jerry Voorhis. Nixon was excited by the proposition and so began his political career. Oneaspect of this book that really impressed me was the detail that Matthews putinto describing the campaign strategies of each man. Kennedy was a man whowanted to practically buy his position. Relying almost solely upon his fathersinfluence and money, he achieved any goal that was put forth. By donating massamounts of money and even pinning twenty-dollar bills to the jackets ofcitizens, he bought his votes by any means necessary. Also, Kennedy made gooduse of his sex appeal. Knowing that he was handsome, he won over thousands offemale voters by having tea-parties. On the contrary, Nixon did nothave an unlimited supply of money, influence or good looks. He had to rely ongood campaigning and smear tactics. Nixon too tried to use war stories and theself-made image of a war vet trying to build a life for himself. This did notwork as well as his other ideas, though. Nixon hired people to dig up all of thepolitical di rt on Voorhis that was out there. Once material was found thatclaimed that the NC PAC endorsed Voorhis, he resented it at a clutch momentduring a live debate. This shocked both the crowd and Voorhis and gave the seatin Congress to Nixon. (pgs. 36-38) The careers of Nixon and Kennedy becameintertwined. Both were young congressmen who had been in the war and both hadhad no previous political experience. When they were both elected to theCongress in 1946 they were placed on the Board of Education and Labor together. .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 , .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .postImageUrl , .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 , .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:hover , .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:visited , .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:active { border:0!important; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:active , .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8 .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d660a2ad967b1827df918901ef025c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide EssayWhen Nixon was elected Vice-president in 1952, Kennedy was elected a Senator andthe two were assigned offices directly across from each other. Matthews does anexemplary job of showing how the two politicians were often grouped together. Hefocuses on the fact that they were from the same class. He alsoshows how they were elected for the same positions and assigned to the sameprojects and became friendly with each other. Having offices adjacent to oneanother makes a relationship grow. All this helped to build the drama thatsurrounded the election of 1960 for President. The two men that came to theCapitol together all of the sudden were running against each othe r for thecountrys highest position. The election became the classic battle of thepopular kid versus the nerd. Kennedy portrayed the all-American high school boy. He was handsome, charming, and had love for his country. Nixon, however, was thetypical outcast. He was not as charming or handsome as Kennedy was. He hadrelied on hard work and making his opponent look bad as means of getting ahead. In this case, popularity won and Kennedy became the President. America made wayfor the administration that would be known as Camelot. EveryAmerican learns about the myth of Kennedy and Nixon. John F. Kennedy isportrayed as one who was one of the greatest people that this nation everproduced. He was loved by all and was a president who only made good choices forhis country. He stood up to Nikita Khrushchev and Cuba and saved the world fromnuclear destruction. He tried to save the Cuban people from Communism and triedto help the South Vietnamese from the same fate. Richard M. Nixon, however,remains a man that the United States hates to admit that existed . He isremembered as the man who appeared ghastly next to Kennedy in the Great Debateof 1960. His presidential administration is one that stole and deceived to getahead. Nixon was a leader that lied to his citizens, the ones that voted himinto office twice. Matthews makes sure that all of these myths are disposed andthat no biases are shown. He reminds the world of the Kennedy tactic of relyingsolely on money and looks to win campaigns. He tells of the ill-fated and hardlythought-out Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. Kennedy was trying to give the Cubanpeople help that they obviously did not want. No one remembers this though. Kennedy was the man who okayed the United States sponsored assassination ofSouth Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem. This led the way for a complete coupand the eventual weak political position that forced the country to succumb tocommunism. The author shows that Nixon was not the horrible man that he isalways remembered as being. He lets it be known that Nixon was a hard worker wholoved his country and it democratic tradition. Matthews remembers Nixons fightagainst communism and his attempts to rid the government of its few communistsympathizers such as Alger Hiss. He suffered the coldness of a president whothoughtlessly gave his vice-president no respect or credit for any decisions. With the common bonds of age, and mutual sentiments on the New Deal, the ColdWar, and their centrist positions within their parties, the two enjoyed afriendship that would endure until the 1960 presidential campaign destroyed it. If Matthews puts any bias at all, he makes Kennedy look worse and Nixon lookbetter. He makes Kennedy look as someone who never really had any politicaltalent. He looks as someone who was just relying on money from his father. Onethe contrary, Matthews shows Nixon as one who has gotten a bad rap. He shows himas one who overcame adversity to help his country and who took a few downfallsalong the way. He was one who became tired of constantly battling Kennedy afterKennedy and the thought of fighting another Kennedy drove him to do things heotherwise would have not done. This book did a tremendous job portraying andinter-weaving two very important figures of the century. Matthews put all theinformation into a format that was easy to read and enjoyable. In my opinionthis is a very relevant and intresting story that needed to be told. TheAmerican people deserve to know that the man they hold with such a high regardwas not that great. Also, they should know that the man they all hate was no tthat bad a guy. This book gives the american people a good idea of what went on,and it may have been to the suprise of many americans.